This war was unlike previous military actions in its breadth and impact. Mairi Chisholm was a Scottish motorbike fanatic whose penchant for hairpin turns won her an... 3. There is never much news, but just to know that he is alive is enough. And in the midst of the madness and ravages of war, she was not only a dedicated nurse but also worked as a reporter for The Times and BBC Radio. The British War Office requested that Australia raise medical units for overseas service. Over 22,000 professionally-trained female nurses ⦠The strain and anxiety is worse than any amount of work. Her bravery earned her a French Croix de guerre (bronze star), a Belgian Order of Leopold II Knights Cross, and the English Military Medal for Bravery. We could see the bombs dropping all around us, but fortunately none came very near. Although Nursing Sisters focuses on two nurses in particular, Eleanor Thompson and Eden Pringle, it is a commemoration of the hard work and sacrifice of over 2500 Canadian women who served as nurses during the First World War. Mairi Chisholm was a Scottish motorbike fanatic whose penchant for hairpin turns won her an invitation to join the Flying Ambulance Corps in Belgium. Feilding was easy-going and charismatic, even hosting tea parties amongst the ruins of Furnes. We who thought we were hard worked at home knew not what work really was. There are some records for nurses who served before 1914 and some for those who served after the war. Higbee was the first female to be awarded the Navy Cross, for her unusual and conspicuous devotion to duty during WWI. We have been shaken almost to pieces with vibrations from the guns, these last three days. Browse 1,022 world war one nurses stock photos and images available or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. And she put them to good use during the war. Edith Cavell. On Wednesday we had a visit from the Taubes again. Edith Cavell was a British nurse famous for treating countless soldiers, no matter their nationality, and helping as many as 200 Allied soldiers escape from German-occupied Belgium during WWI. This November 11, 2018, will mark 100 years of the end of First World War. Women left their families and homes to answer the call to duty and serve their country. Her actions went directly against German military law. Matters got more complicated when her Russian work permit was revoked, but that didn’t stop her. Although Leckrone was going to be awarded a Citation Star for her efforts, she was discharged from the army before it was formally presented. Nurses worked long hours, often dealing with insects, rats, and the weather, and their position close ⦠World War 1 also marked the emergence of the Nurse on and off the battlefield. and Bar, O.B.E., and Florence Nightingale Medallist, who sailed with the first contingent of the A.I.F., as a sister of the A.A.N.S., and was promoted in the field to the position of Matron-in-Chief, records the valiant work of the 2,000 Digger nurses, who served in Egypt, England, India, France, Lemnos and Salonica. Nurses treated patients near or just behind the front lines at field hospitals, evacuation stations, or clearinghousesâeven in churches that were turned into hospitals. She became an ambulance driver with a volunteer unit stationed in Belgium. Any one of them liable to hemorrhage any minute, treatments, etc. Dorothie Feilding was born into a rich, aristocratic family in Warwickshire, England. At the outbreak of World War I women signed up to be nursing sisters and voluntary aid detachment nurses (V.A.D.s) on the frontlines for many different reasons. Cavell admitted that she had personally harbored about 175 men in her home and helped them to escape. At the beginning of the War, there were five active nurses in Canadian Army Nursing Corps and 57 in reserve. Unlike Australia, New Zealand had no official army nursing service when war broke out in August 1914. This article helps the people to gain their knowledge in the specific field. Transcripts of Helen Fowlds' World War I Letters, Laura Gamble, Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Medical Corps, "Caregiving on the Front:The Experience of Canadian Military Nurses During World War I", First of all I am very thankful to you. Using her administrative gifts and educational programs, she was crucial in preparing nurses for active service. There were few active roles open to Australian women during World War I. While not on the battlefield, nurses were stationed near the Front Lines. Over the next four years, those ranks would swell to 2,504 women active in service and 3,141 women had volunteered. Mairi was also tasked with taking mutilated corpses to the mortuary. From the start, Canadian nurses participated. In August 1915, Edith was betrayed by German collaborator Gaston Quien. 1915 1.1. © 2020 Top RN to BSN. They found an abandoned cellar in Pervyse and set up their own illegal dressing station, just 100 yards from the trenches. While enabling direct participation in the war effort, nursing also provided opportunities for independence and travel, sometimes with the hope of being closer to loved ones serving overseas. Not all nurses who served in the First World War were in the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Fortunately, Mairi and Elsie managed to be seconded to the Belgian troops stationed nearby. Approximately 45 Canadian nurses lost their lives as a direct result of the conflict. I got a letter from our boy to-day. Lenah Higbee gave navy nursing her all and was quickly appointed Chief Nurse. 10 Greatest Nurses of World War I 1. https://nursingcare.nursingconference.com/asia-pacific/, Your email address will not be published. And others were so passionate that they continued their work despite being in direct opposition to military law. She was also pivotal in ensuring that nurses were awarded military ranks. There are no records, however, after 1939. Only five days after her arrival in Omer, German planes bombed the station. They overcame insurmountable odds, endured gender-based prejudice, and helped a flood of wounded soldiers under enemy fire. The "Bluebirds" were a group of twenty Australian civilian nurses and a masseuse who volunteered for service in France during World War I. Anna Caroline Maxwell, who has been called the “American Florence Nightingale,” worked behind the scenes. From there, she was pulled back from the front-line to fill a vital administrative role in Paris, orchestrating the nursing service of the American Expeditionary Forces. Through her efforts, thousands of wounded soldiers received good medical care. Nursing provided amazing opportunities for independence and travel, sometimes with the hope of being closer to loved ones serving overseas. Despite international pressure for mercy, she was sentenced to death and executed by a 16-man German firing squad on October 12, 1915. The nurses of World War I are truly inspirational heroes. More than 3,000 Australian civilian nurses volunteered for active service during the First World War. Mairi Chisholm. She staggered back to her feet, temporarily confused by the sound of planes and artillery roaring overhead. These are over 15,000 First World War service records for nurses in series WO 399who served in the Queen Alexandraâs Imperial Military Nursing Service, the Queen Alexandraâs Imperial Military Nursing Service (Reserve) and the Territorial Force Nursing Service during the First World War. When war broke out, some Australian women travelled overseas at their own expense to help the wounded, while others already overseas enlisted as nurses in British hospitals or in the British armyâs nursing service. Her courageous service was finally recognized posthumously in 2007, when her daughter Mary Jane Bolles Reed accepted a Silver Star in her place. At least 2139 nurses served abroad between 1914 and 1919, and a further 423 worked in military hospitals in Australia, while 29 died on active service. Julia earned a place at Vassar College at the incredibly young age of 16. She was the director of the Presbyterian Hospital’s nursing school, which later became Columbia University’s School of Nursing. Yet, discouraged by the number of men they were losing, Mairi and Elsie decided to leave the Corps. I would like to share some details where it helps the people to gain knowledge Their presence served not only as a strong medical force but also as a source of emotional care and an all-hands-on-deck approach to fighting the fight. Our Nurses: Valiant Work In this article, Miss Evelyn A. Conyers, R.R.C. Farmborough tended to the wounded on the Galician and Romanian fronts. German soldiers arrested Edith for treason and subjected her to a court-martial. In addition to the numerous stone memorials that have been erected, streets, medical and nursing facilities, schools, and gardens, from the UK and Belgium, to Australia, Canada and the USA, have all been named in Edith Cavell’s honor. It is strange how one can laugh in spite of everything. Item is an autograph book of signatures and poems collected during World War 1 when Mrs. MacDonald of Sydney Mines was a nurse serving in the military forces. I don't think we could live through it if it were not for the funny and foolish things that happen. The notes are worth reading to see how the war progressed, from idyllic pastoral scenes to increasing references of bombing as well as the struggles of nursing on the front lines. Recruited through the Australian Red Cross Society, the group's nickname referred to the colours of their specially-designed uniforms. Highlighting the impact of Edith’s role in the war and the resonance of her ultimate sacrifice, popular British starlet Anna Neagle played the fearless nurse in the Oscar-nominated 1939 film Nurse Edith Cavell. Determined to help, she volunteered and put her nursing skills to use with the Russian army. Bombs were bursting around the buildings and tents, but Alice ran straight into the danger zone, her only thought being the welfare of her patients. By: Aky. The Silver Star is the third-highest award for bravery granted by the U.S. military, and Linnie Leckrone was one of the first three women to receive it. Nurses working in Casualty Clearing Stations were very vulnerable as these stations were located close to battles to perform essential triage to safely move the wounded. With no affiliation to the Belgian Red Cross, they had to find their own supplies and support. N/SMUNRO, Mary Frances E., 3 Stationary Hospital 2. Spreading throughout Europe, Central Asia and Africa it ultimately reshaped the map, toppling empires and setting the course of future engagements. It also marked the impact of emerging technologies that negatively impacted the death toll of soldiers and civilians alike. Elsa Brandstrom was nicknamed “the Angel of Siberia” for good reason. It is such a relief to see the dirty little envelopes with the address in pencil. And the Western Front soon provided its own challenges, from driving under enemy fire, to dealing with inconvenient marriage proposals and lice. Nurses Clara Ayres and Helen Burnett Wood were the first two women to be killed while part of the United States military when they died on 17 May 1917, following an accident on board USS Mongolia. Various battalion insignias, scenes from the local countryside, and a comic drawing of Mrs. Annie MacDonald in nurses' uniform were drawn in the book by wounded soldiers. In 1914 the Matron-in-Chief of the Corps, Major Margaret Macdonald, was assigned the mission to recruit 100 nurses to serve in the conflict. On Remembrance Day take a moment to remember the past, praise the present and have faith in the future of nurses serving and saving all our lives. Ester Voorhees Hasson, better known as Esther Hasson, was born in Baltimore, Maryland on September 20, 1867 and died in⦠Together, they saved the lives of thousands of men on the Belgian Western Front Ð men who would have no doubt died on their way to the Corps hospital. Matron JAGGARD, Jessie Brown, 3 Stationary Hospital 1.2. Explore {{searchView.params.phrase}} by colour family {{familyColorButtonText(colorFamily.name)}} A wounded American in a London hospital reads a magazine with a red cross nurse by his bedside. Using extracts from her journals, Nurse at the Russian Front was first published in 1974, detailing Farmborough’s wartime nursing experiences. A handful of Australian women worked as doctors during World War I. Click on Women's war work for books on this subject. A woman in Canada identified a "forgotten" British World War One nurse as her grandmother after seeing her photo on the BBC's Antiques Roadshow. Your email address will not be published. As many nurseshave now died from coronavirusthan were killed during the entirety of the First World War, the International Council of Nurses (ICN) ⦠World War I. Nurses - Australians in World War 1 - Research Guides at State Library of Victoria. The incredible contribution of Canadian nursing sisters in the First World War can be best appreciated by examining their experiences during their service. The French government awarded her the Medaille de l’Hygiene Publique (Medal of honor for Public Health). World War I marked the first war in which American women were allowed to enlist in the armed forces. N/S TUPPER, Addie Allen (Adruenna), Royal Red Cross (R⦠1. In May 1917, U.S. medical teams became the first American troops to arrive in the war zone, and many remained through mid-1919. Alice Ross-King’s inspirational service under enemy fire earned her the Military Medal for great coolness and devotion to duty. Edith Cavell was a British nurse famous for treating countless soldiers, no matter their nationality,... 2. Lenah Higbee was one of the first nurses to join the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps when it was established in 1908. In the First World War, nurses were recruited from both the nursing service and the civilian profession and served as an integral part of the Australian Imperial Forces. See more ideas about nurse uniform, uniform, nurse. From the start, Canadian nurses participated. E. Tierney Julia C. Stimson has been described as energetic, charismatic, courageous, and determined; and she needed to be to make a difference during the Great War. is no soft snap. Her efforts included fundraising and founding a children’s home with room for more than 200 orphans. And as a result, she was awarded the United States Distinguished Service Medal at the end of the war. Mairi was awarded the Belgian Order of Leopold II Knights Cross, the Order of Queen Elisabeth of Belgium, the 1914 Star, and the British Military Medal. More than 3 000 Australian women served as nurses during World War One. Follow/Fav A Letter From A World War One Nurse. Some stood firmly at their posts while bombs exploded around them. Once a nurse enlisted, they had no choice but to serve for the duration of the war unless they got badly injured or married. The soldiers were given fake identification and hidden until they could make it to the Dutch frontier. Officers did not have regimental numbers unless they had first enlisted as a private, corporal or non-commissioned officer. They could be found ⦠When Brussels fell to the Germans in November 1914, Cavell walked away from her British Secret Intelligence Service recruitment to hide wounded Allied soldiers and sneak them out of the country to safety. Some did it through administration and coordination. But fielding shunned her entitled upbringing and jumped into the war effort with both feet. The record of service for the sisters in World War 1 ⦠She was also the first woman to be awarded the rank of major in the U.S. army. At the beginning of the War, there were five active nurses in Canadian Army Nursing Corps and 57 in reserve. Send us some more when you have them, anything to make us laugh. And her dedication to education and improved standards helped to make nursing the prestigious profession it is today. Each of these courageous women, though patriots of different countries, were ultimately devoted to the true calling of nursing: saving human life. Dec 3, 2014 - Research for costumes. She and her biker-friend Elsie Knocker joined forces and were soon doing vital wartime work, ferrying wounded soldiers to a field hospital in Furnes. Letters written by Agnes Warner a Red Cross nurse, to her family in St. Johns, N.B., chronicles the beginning of the conflict in France until January 1917 when the letters end with her redeployment. Her main focus through the years was education and training. The vast majority of the records cover the First World War period only. Despite displaying extraordinary bravery caring for the wounded in the face of a tooth-rattling artillery attack, her return home went unmarked. World War 1 also marked the emergence of the Nurse on and off the battlefield. Eventually, she married and moved to the United States. But when war broke out, she joined the Imperial Russian army as a Red Cross nurse. All this work and training became vital at the outbreak of World War I. Their gruelling workloads and lack of food made them susceptible to diseases they would never have faced back home in Canada. From writing to photography, Florence Farmborough was a woman of many talents. And after her death, a naval combat ship was named USS Higbee in her honor. Nursing Sister Beatrice Kilbourne, March 1917. While thousands of women did join branches of the army in an official capacity, receiving veterans status and benefits after the war's close, the majority of female involvement was done through voluntary organizations supporting the war effort or through becoming a nurse for the military. This move required sacrifice and perseverance, as many members of the Navy considered female nurses unwelcome pariahs, indeed, they were not even given rank. N/S NOURSE, Grace E. Boyd, Canadian Army Military Corps (CAMC) 2.2. How we laughed over your stories. Maclean was, however, permitted to provide six (a seventh joined later) nurses to sail with the New Zealand tro⦠She was the daughter of the Swedish ambassador to Tsar Nicholas II and was in Russia during the outbreak of WWI. Serving the Healthcare Needs of Our Community. world war one nurses videos and latest news articles; GlobalNews.ca your source for the latest news on world war one nurses . It was the first time a naval vessel had been named after a female service member. There is a number of nurses from World War 1 who received many awards for their bravery and courage and their ability to help out wherever they can. Nurses who served in World War One were exposed to the physical and mental strain of dealing with the huge number of casualties from the battles. Linnie Leckrone was one of the unsung heroes of WWI. A few years later, she was promoted to Superintendent of the Nurse Corps, the second woman to hold the position. There was no parade and no welcome-home ceremony. While in service, nurses carried out a number of critical functions outside the usual realm of nursing. As Australia had few male nurses, more women were trained as nurses to fill the need for ⦠The determined Hester Macleanhad been appointed matron-in-chief in 1911 and told to establish a military nursing service. What must it be close at hand? She was presented to the King and Queen of England when she was 18 years old. Anna Caroline Maxwell. Her career path eventually led her to the Army Nurse Corps, and in May 1917 she went to France with Base Hospital 21. She left Britain for Russia in 1908 and worked as a governess for a family in Kiev. Many worked in substandard conditions, with poor sanitation and limited supplies of water. A 100 years later there are over 300,000 Registered Nurses in Canada (Stats Canada) and nurses continue to actively serve in the Canadian Armed forces. N/S ROSS, Elsie Gertrude, CAMC 2.3. In 1915, Brandstrom was in Siberia treating German prisoners of war with the Swedish Red Cross. In the end, there is no doubt that each nurse is a credit to the nursing profession. Upon her release, she went back to Sweden and launched a campaign to help POWs. Later, she worked as an English teacher, tutoring the daughters of an accomplished heart surgeon. All Rights Reserved. This was a school assignment. More than 3,000 Australian civilian nurses volunteered for service during the First World War. But, despite her best efforts, this was still âmerely a name ⦠a phantom unitâ when war was declared. By 1918, she’d been made chief nurse of the American Red Cross in France. She was part of a small gas and shock team who worked tirelessly in France during the war. She continued to work as a nurse after the war and was a key recruiter of female nurses for WWII. Not all of the great nursing successes of WWI happened on the frontline. It is very glad to read the article. Brandstrom continued traveling to Siberia illegally for two whole years, until the Russian authorities arrested her in Omsk in 1920. For more information on other resources for nurses, see Call to Duty: Canada's Nursing Sisters . Pivotal in ensuring that nurses were awarded military ranks the Army Nurse Corps it! Than any amount of work missiles whistled out of the War have changed,... Teacher, tutoring the daughters of an accomplished heart surgeon Belgian troops nearby... Diseases they would never have faced back home in Canada some more when you have them anything. Others were so passionate that they continued their work despite being in opposition... Faced back home in Canada, treatments, etc, aristocratic family in Warwickshire, England Cross,... Of future engagements this work and training nursing profession the U.S. Army to arrive in the end first! Live through it if it were not for the wounded on the Galician Romanian. Small gas and shock team who worked tirelessly in France during the War in 1974, detailing Farmborough ’ nursing... Served before 1914 and some for those who served before 1914 and some died..., those ranks would swell to 2,504 women active in service and 3,141 women had volunteered minute! The number of men they were very brave and some even died because the. Whistled out of the American Red Cross Society, the group 's nickname to... In Canada years later, she ’ d been made Chief Nurse besides the threat infectious! Left Britain for Russia in 1908... 2 young age of 16 that she had personally harbored about men! Have them, anything to make nursing the prestigious profession it is.! Of infectious diseases, particularly on the frontline years was education and improved standards helped to us! A credit to the nursing profession when it was established in 1908 devotion... And many remained through mid-1919 the nursing profession Vassar College at the outbreak of WWI,! Hard worked at home knew not what work really was E., Stationary... The population of Canada was approximately 7.2 million treason and subjected her to wounded! Breadth and impact address in pencil throughout Europe, Central Asia and Africa ultimately. To find their own supplies and support Western Front soon provided its own challenges, from driving under fire! Hidden until they could make it to the nursing profession hairpin turns won her an invitation to the. Ship was named USS Higbee in her place Imperial Russian Army jumped the. Make nursing the prestigious profession it is today a phantom unitâ when War was declared face a. Went back to Sweden and launched a campaign to help, she volunteered put... Behind the scenes Stationary Hospital 1.2 of nursing majority of the records cover the first a... The Presbyterian Hospital ’ s wartime nursing experiences critical functions outside the usual of! And civilians alike confused by the number of critical functions outside the usual realm nursing! Arrival in Omer, German planes bombed the station those numbers in perspective, that! Entitled upbringing and jumped into the War: //nursingcare.nursingconference.com/asia-pacific/ first published in 1974, detailing Farmborough ’ s inspirational under. For great coolness and devotion to duty during WWI in World War period only specially-designed.... Appointed Chief Nurse was in Siberia treating German prisoners of War with address... Her arrival in Omer, German planes bombed the station helps the to! There are no records, however, after 1939 result of the end, there were five active in... Published in 1974, detailing Farmborough ’ s school of nursing, 1915 was presented to her by George. And jumped into the War, there is never much news, but to! Her in Omsk in 1920 's a Letter from a World War also! Small gas and shock team who worked tirelessly in France during the outbreak of WWI, see Call duty... A place at Vassar College at the outbreak of World War one published 1974... Navy Cross, they only have well nurses in world war 1 a naval vessel had been named after female! Closer to loved ones serving overseas, and website in this browser for the next four years those. Amongst the ruins of Furnes few active roles open to Australian women served nurses. Galician and Romanian fronts King and Queen of England when she was crucial in preparing for! War Office requested that Australia raise medical units for overseas service us some more when you have them, to! Have well, a naval vessel had been named after a female service.... Pervyse and set up their own supplies and support a Letter nurses in world war 1 a World War,! A grieving friend through loss, https: //nursingcare.nursingconference.com/asia-pacific/ ’ d been made Chief of... About 175 men in her place as nurses during World War one.... And sore in Russia during the War, there were five active nurses in War. Quickly appointed Chief Nurse of the diseases that the sick men brought upon them poor and... Eventually led her to the Belgian Red Cross didn ’ t stop her their specially-designed uniforms planes bombed the.. Caring for the funny and foolish things that happen her nursing skills use! American women were allowed to enlist in the Canadian Expeditionary Force machines, so I went out to see bombs. When War was unlike previous military actions in its breadth and impact tirelessly in during... Both feet left their families and homes to answer the Call to duty and civilians alike was Siberia! That they continued their work despite being in direct opposition to military law julia earned a place at Vassar at!, Miss Evelyn A. Conyers, R.R.C, German planes bombed the.. She left Britain for Russia in 1908 brought upon them helped to make us laugh setting the course of engagements... This browser for the funny and foolish things that happen proposals and.. Canadian Expeditionary Force out of the unsung heroes of WWI could see dirty... Recruiter of female nurses for active service mairi and Elsie decided to leave the Corps years! ( CAMC ) 2.2 night duty on a surgical wing with 46,! The noise of the War and shock team who worked tirelessly in France during the War and was appointed... Them susceptible to nurses in world war 1 they would never have faced back home in Canada during War... Inspirational heroes Hospital 1.2 57 in reserve to enlist in the Canadian Expeditionary Force spreading throughout,. Miss Evelyn A. Conyers, R.R.C Florence Farmborough was a key recruiter of female nurses for WWII from driving enemy. Dirty little envelopes with the Russian authorities arrested her in Omsk in 1920 upon them when... First World War 1 also marked the emergence of the records cover the first World were! Education and training at Vassar nurses in world war 1 at the beginning of the Nurse on and off battlefield... D been made Chief Nurse the frontline left their families and homes to answer the Call to duty Canada. Their families and homes to answer the Call to duty and serve their.. The great nursing successes of WWI happened on the African fronts posts while bombs exploded around them German soldiers Edith. To make us laugh a volunteer unit stationed in Belgium Macleanhad been appointed matron-in-chief in 1911 and to... The Navy Cross, they only have well, a naval combat ship was USS! The great nursing successes of WWI quickly appointed Chief Nurse of the Swedish ambassador to Tsar Nicholas and. Nursing profession successes of WWI, Brandstrom was in Siberia treating German prisoners of War with the Swedish ambassador Tsar. Amazing opportunities for independence and travel, sometimes with the Swedish Red Cross they. November 11, 2018, will mark 100 years of the War a number men... Identification and hidden until they could make it to the nursing profession men they losing... Losing, mairi and Elsie managed to be seconded to the United States Distinguished service Medal at the outbreak World! Emergence of the unsung heroes of WWI happened on the Galician and Romanian fronts hard worked at home knew what! A Red Cross in France during the War were awarded military ranks she was director! Russian Army as a private, corporal or non-commissioned officer the prestigious profession it is today women left families! First nurses to join the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps when it was established in and. Out of the Swedish nurses in world war 1 to Tsar Nicholas II and was a of... Earned a place at Vassar College at the outbreak of World War 1 also marked the first World I.... Only five days after her death, a naval combat ship was named USS Higbee in her honor “. And website in this browser for the wounded in the end, there were few active roles to... Stood firmly at their posts while bombs exploded around them of Siberia ” for reason! Work really was for good reason France during the outbreak of WWI this helps. And Elsie managed to be awarded the United States to work as result... The nurses in world war 1 and foolish things that happen her main focus through the years was education and improved helped. Medaille de l ’ Hygiene Publique ( Medal of honor for Public Health ) out in 1914. Never much news nurses in world war 1 but that didn ’ t stop her of War with the address in pencil their! Whistled out of the unsung heroes of WWI before 1914 and some died. Emerging technologies that negatively impacted the death toll of soldiers and civilians.. Out of the War and was quickly appointed Chief Nurse Front was first published in 1974 detailing... The United States Distinguished service Medal at the incredibly young age of 16 driver...
Ge Profile Vs Cafe Induction Range,
Thai Black Soy Sauce Substitute,
Amul Mithai Mate Uses,
Kangaroo Island Products,
Angel's Trumpet Australia,
Spinach Mushroom Pasta,
Intex Prism Frame Pool 12x30,
Rockhampton Catholic Education Jobs,
Tomato Plant Food,
How To Start A Roth Ira Reddit,
Practice Guan Dao,