In practice, one of the basic features of multiprogramming is to prevent jobs demanding large amounts of time in input or output functions (I/O-bound jobs) from tying up the central processor; this is accomplished usually by allowing each job to execute until an input or output operation is required, at which point another job begins to execute concurrently with the I/O request. Various procedures are required with respect to the operation of remote terminals. While some will be required to terminate their work completely, all will be required to momentarily suspend operation until the change in status and the new log-on have been accomplished. If the sensitivity of the information warrants, audit information should be made available to the System Security Officer, informing him that a user has taken some specified action in establishing or modifying a clearance level, applicable caveats, or labels. It should be noted that the syntax of the authorization specification provides capability for the removal of the author's name from an access list. Note that all relationships, including hierarchical ones, must be explicitly stated in terms of classification labels; the software cannot be expected to infer that one classification subsumes another. The Personnel and Terminal Definitions are not discussed here, since they are installation dependent and are not within the scope of this Report. In the passive mode, the intervener may attempt to monitor the system by tapping into communication lines, or by monitoring compromising emanations. Procedural shortcomings represent an area of potential weakness that can be exploited or manipulated, and which can provide an agent with innumerable opportunities for system subversion. If no such assignment can be found to make the consistency expression. The cost of security may depend on the workload of the installation. Specifically, a user cannot generate his own passwords. By their nature, computer systems bring together a series of vulnerabilities. Each user shall be required both to identify himself and to authenticate his identity to the system at any time requested by it, using authentication techniques or devices assigned by the System Security Officer. [5][6] This model is widely recognized. As recommended earlier with respect to hardware, language processors should provide to the maximum extent possible known responses for various error conditions. There should be a convenient mechanism whereby special security controls needed by a particular user can be embedded easily in its system. The consistency check is performed as follows for each clearance in the Security Structure Definition: Merge rules are provided to permit automatic determination of the classification of information that has been produced by the combination of information of dissimilar classifications (see the example above of National Clearances, and also Examples 2-4 in Annex B). Therefore, it is difficult to make a quantitative measurement of the security risk-level of such a system, and it is also difficult to design to some a priori absolute and demonstrable security risk-level. It is strongly recommended that design certification be performed by a group other than that responsible for the design, construction, or maintenance of an operational system. To some extent, user isolation achieved by means of hardware mechanisms can be exchanged for isolation via software mechanisms. A series of discussions was held during the summer and fall months of 1967 with people from the university and industrial communities, culminating in the formation by October 1967 of a Task Force consisting of a Steering Group and two Panels. Security controls are safeguards or countermeasures to avoid, detect, counteract, or minimize security risks to physical property, information, computer systems, or other assets. Certification procedures should embrace various personnel responsibilities, tests and inspections to be performed and their conduct, the responsibilities of the System Security Officer, etc. Nearly a decade later the report is still a valuable comprehensive discussion of security controls for resource-sharing computer systems. It may prove too difficult in a specific case to certify that a program can access highly classified information but produce results of a lower level. Comment: This situation is a delicate one in that it reflects a compromise between user convenience and security of information. Equipment is also vulnerable to deliberate or accidental rewiring by maintenance personnel so that installed hardware appears to function normally, but in fact by-passes or changes the protection mechanisms. In addition to the direct advantages of vastly improved resource utilization and greatly increased economy of operation, they can drastically reduce service turn-around time, enable users with little or no formal knowledge of programming to interact directly with the machine, and extend computing capabilities to many smaller installations that would be unable to support a dedicated machine. It ought to be fail-safe in the sense that if the system cannot fulfill its security controls, cannot make the proper decisions to grant access, or cannot pass its internal self-checks, it will withhold information from those users about which it is uncertain, but ideally will continue to provide service to verified users. The number and kinds of audits and the periodicity with which they are made will depend on such factors as sensitivity of the information contained in the computer system, the class of users it services and their clearance status, the operational requirements of the system, etc. The central processing equipment devotes its resources to servicing users in turn, resuming with each where it left off in the previous processing cycle. System Administrators, System Security Officers, and System Maintenance and Operations Personnel shall be formally designated by the Responsible Authority. Security Namespace. However, it is also expedient from the computer point of view to recognize Uncleared as a fourth level of clearance. Compiler systems (Type III) provide the user with a programming capability, but only in terms of languages that execute through a compiler embedded in the system. The computer system will process this information, doing such things as validity checking and internal table storage generation, and thus render the system ready for actual use. The following steps are representative of the procedures necessary to maintain segregation when system status changes. If the user is pre- sent in the set, then grant him the associated universal access privilege. A detected failure of the protection mechanisms shall cause the system to enter a unique operating mode wherein no information may be transmitted to or accepted from the user community. For example, it includes an appendix that outlines and formally specifies a set of access controls that can accommodate the intricate structure of the classification system used by the defense establishment. The basic problems associated with machine processing of classified information are not new. An individual who has the clearance and all need-to-know authorizations granting him access to all classified information contained in a computer system. Each file must be marked with any clearance, need-to-know, or other restrictions on its use. As a result of a hardware malfunction, especially a transient one, such controls can become inoperative. The operator YIELDS means that the combination of classifications (or labels) on the left requires the classification (or labels) on the right to be placed on the merged information. The basic philosophy of a program executing in the user state is that it is able to process anything that it has available within the region of core memory (or logical address space) assigned to it. The Security Structure Definition formally defines the structure of that portion of the security classification and control system that is applicable to the particular installation in question. The U.S. Government Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT) originally instituted a control systems security program (CSSP) now the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC) Industrial Control Systems, which has made available a large set of free National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standards documents regarding control system security. This gives the user intimate interaction with and control over the machine's complete resources — excepting of course, any resources prohibited to him by information-protecting safeguards (e.g., memory protection, base register controls, and I/O hardware controls). Whether this is provided by allowing anyone with write privilege to alter the file classification directly, or by requesting the original author of the file to alter the classification, or by requesting the System Security Officer to alter the classification, is an operational policy decision. In some systems it may be permissible for the user to authenticate himself to his own system, which then passes the authentication to the second system via their mutually authenticated and protected communication link. The users are generally, although not necessarily, geographically separated from the central processing equipment and interact with the machine via remote terminals or consoles. ; for receiving and processing requests to modify them; and for actions to be taken in case of a system emergency or an external crisis. Redundancy might take such forms as duplicate software residing in different parts of the memory; software checks that verify hardware checks, and vice versa; self-checking hardware arrangements; error-detecting or error-correcting information representations; duplication of procedural checks; error-correcting internal catalogs and security flags; or audit processes that monitor the performance of both software and hardware functions. The Task Force has operated formally under the authority of the Defense Science Board. Such a condition must immediately suspend service to the terminal, notify the System Security Officer, and record the event in the system log. Personnel control. Example: The lock on the door is the 10%. The System and Security category is the first one in the Control Panel and contains all the tools that you’ll use to perform system, administrative, and security related tasks. A number of problems covered in the preceding discussions are brought together here briefly because of their importance to the system as a whole. These are obtained from the access rules in the Security Component Definition. If so, it is strongly recommended that a user's job never be allowed to access information either data or programs whose security flag exceeds that of the user. The loss of some components may so seriously affect the operational performance and accuracy of the remainder of the system that it should be shut down for that reason, even though significant security controls continue to function. It is desirable that system programs which have unusually broad capabilities, such as being able to access all permanent files in secondary storage or in temporary working stores) be programmed so as to print console messages notifying the System Operators of the specific privileges being extended; before proceeding to implement such privileges the system should require explicit permission. In computer security a countermeasure is an action, device, procedure or technique that reduces a threat, a vulnerability, or an attack by eliminating or preventing it, by minimizing the harm it can cause, or by discovering and reporting it so that corrective action can be taken. 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